PRINCIPLES OF CANCER --Signs and symptoms, Types and Causes

PRINCIPLES OF CANCER 

Signs and symptoms, Types and Causes 

 

Cancer is a genetic disorder that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, and undergo metastasizing which is a major cause of death from cancer.

    Signs and symptoms  

• Fatigue Area of thickening that can be felt under the skin 
• Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain 
• Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening, or redness of the skin 
• Changes in bowel or bladder habits
• Persistent cough or trouble breathing
• Difficulty swallowing Hoarseness Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating 
• Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain 
• Persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats 
• Unexplained bleeding or bruising

    Types

    1. Carcinoma

• Cancer that starts in the skin or the tissues that line other organs

    2. Sarcoma

• Cancer of connective tissues such as bones, muscles, cartilage, and blood vessels.

    3. Lymphoma and myeloma 

• Cancers of the immune system

    4. Leukemia 

• Cancer of bone marrow, which creates blood cells.

    

    Types of carcinoma 

        1. Basal cell carcinoma: Most common type of skin cancer

        2. Squamous cell carcinoma: Second most common type of skin cancer

        3. Renal cell carcinoma: Second most common type of kidney cancer

        4. Ductal carcinoma in situ: Most common type of breast cancer

        

        5. Invasive ductal carcinoma: Cancerous cells grow in the duct lining of breast

    Types of sarcoma 

        1. Soft tissue sarcoma: Cancer of tissues that connect, support and surround other body structures. This includes muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons and the lining of your joints.

        2. Bone sarcoma: Cancer of any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the pelvis or the long bones in the arms and legs 

        Soft tissue sarcoma                     

•  Angiosarcoma

• Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

• Epithelioid sarcoma

• Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

• Kaposi's sarcoma

• Leiomyosarcoma

• Liposarcoma

• Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors 

• Myxofibrosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma 

• Solitary fibrous tumor Synovial sarcoma 

• Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma 

         

        Bone sarcoma 

•  Osteosarcoma 

• Chondrosarcoma 

• Ewing tumor 

• Fibrosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma  

• Giant cell tumor of bone 

• Chordoma 

• Metastatic bone cancer  

    Types of Leukemia 

       1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia 

        2. Acute myeloid leukemia 

        3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia 

        4. Chronic myeloid leukemia 

        5. Hairy cell leukemia 

        6. Myelodysplastic syndromes 

     Types of Lymphoma 

        1. Hodgkin’s lymphoma

• B-cell lymphoma 

• T-cell lymphoma

• Burkitt’s lymphoma

• Follicular lymphoma 

• Mantle cell lymphoma

• Primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma

• Small lymphocytic lymphoma

        2. non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

• Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin’s disease 

• Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin’s disease

• Mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s lymphoma

• Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s disease 

• Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin’s lymphoma

    Causes 

        Physical carcinogens

        • Ultraviolet 

        • Ionizing 

        Chemical carcinogens 

        • Direct-acting = alkylating agents 

           • Indirect-acting or procarcinogens = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

           • Asbestos 

           • Tobacco smoke 

           • Aflatoxin (food contaminant) 

           • Arsenic (water contaminant) 

        Biological carcinogens 

•  Infections from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites 

         Aging 

• Because cellular repair mechanisms are less effective as a person grows older